May 21, 1086

Monday, 20 May 2013

May 21, 1086, Song Ming Chen Wang Anshi's Death

Wang (1021 -1086 on May 21), the word Jiefu, Mid-levels, sealing Jing Guogong. Han. Linchuan people (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province of urban Jing the road Deng Jia Xiang), the Northern Song outstanding statesman, thinker, writer, reformer, one of the Tang and Song. Wang Linchuan collection "," the Linchuan set Supplements survive in the world. The official prime minister, advocates of reform and political reform. Most famous poems, "Mongol", "plum".

Outstanding achievements in literature. His poems "learning Du obtaining Shouying the" good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, fresh and powerful style Qiu (qiú,), the provision of police absolutely fine, deep graceful Charm works. Of the "Linchuan Mr. anthology. He was born in a small official family. Parent benefit, the word loss, who has Riverside Army Magistrate, any Magistrate life around the north and south. Ashmore less good reading, memory, and better education. Qingli 2002 (1042) Teng the Yang set jinshi fourth name, she served as the local officials of Huainan Magistrate, Yin County magistrate, the state of Shu pass sentence, Changzhou know the state, reminding Jiangdong Prison. Zhiping four years (1067) Ancestor beginning of the throne, the Zhaoan stone Jiangning said, spin and called for the Imperial Academy. Xining years (1069) mentioned as shenzhizhengshi, from Xining three years, twice he was the same book Ha Pingzhang, the implementation of the new law. The Xining after nine Baxiang, seclusion, died in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) Zhong Shan, posthumous title of "text", also known as Wang Wengong. Political Reform has a deep impact on the late Northern Song Dynasty socio-economic features with modern changes, Lenin hailed as the great 11th century reformer. . "Han Yu, Liu, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe Zeng Gong," adding that "the Tang and Song".

Zhiping four years (1067) Ancestor to the throne, only use the Wang Anshi Jiangning prefect, immediately Chao, Imperial Academy and Shijiang. To get rid of the Song Dynasty facing political, economic crisis and the Liao, Western Xia intrusion dilemma, the Xining the first year (1068), Ancestor Zhao Wang, "The more times into" a letter to advocate political reform. Following year as shenzhizhengshi the, presided over political reform. Guide the implementation of the political reform, the establishment of three Division Disposal Ordinance Division, identified a number of advocacy Reform officials involved in the formulation of the new law. Xining three years (1070) in the book of the same the subglottic Pingzhang, with the prime minister, the implementation of the new law in the country, began a large-scale reform movement. The line of the new law in the financial input method, the Green Shoots Law, City Act, the immunization Act, Fangtian tax laws, irrigation and water conservancy law; military set method, Bao Jiafa, Paul Marfa. The same time, the reform of the imperial examination system, nurture talent for the implementation of the new law. These measures are to some extent limited the large landowners and wealthy merchant exploitation of farmers, promote the development of irrigation and water conservancy, the country's fiscal position has improved, the military force has also been strengthened. Wang Anshi Lenin called "reformers of the 11th century, Mao Zedong praised Wang Anshi's most valuable point that he proposed the idea of ​​'hide, less than a shirt'. (Hide insufficient shirt "not by Wang Anshi Reform sent Shiti out, but the word of the opposition on political reform faction slander, similar to the original three destiny should fear, all the words, less than from ancestors of the law , Wang and heard these words in line with their political reform subject, then big plus to promote deep sleep.)

Reform the court monopoly commodity trade, not only bureaucrats and landowners, as well as the interests of small businessmen have all been violated, the original social order the destruction was fierce opposition from conservatives, especially Cao Queen Mother, the Queen Mother's stubborn obstructions. Plus the virtuous to minister in the implementation process over-pursuing big and fast, many officials took the opportunity to prey on the farmers' interests are harmed, and a letter Zhijian Reform hazards have all been of Wang Anshi deposed or Demotion or exiled, publicans more unconscionable , audacious, such a situation is intensified, a far cry from actual results and subjective assumptions. Wang Anshi in all the suspected group slander, The Ancestor royalty Guiqi forced against the pressure of the Secretary of the new law, Xining seven years (1074) strike in April to Wang Anshi phase, Ren Jiangning prefect. The sow discord following year is underway with phase, but because of the new law were internal divisions and conservatives, Wang and actually can not contribute much to Xining on October again Baxiang the as Jiangnan signed sentenced the following year retreat Jiangning live homebound life.

In Northern New Theory for six years (1073), under the command of Wang Anshi, his Management Song path slightly Fushi Shao led his army to attack Tibetan recovered river (Gansu Linxia), Min the (now MINXIAN) five states combat. Song recovered 5 states, antipodes more than 2,000 years, 30 million accounts by Fu Qiang, and establish a to attack Western Xia favorable front. Wang Anshi's political reform has become a major reform in China.

First year of Zhezong Yuanyou Bing Yin (1086) 66, died on April sixth day gift Tutor.

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Ryukyu Memorabilia: 1879 Ryukyu subjugation

Sunday, 19 May 2013

Ryukyu Memorabilia: 1879 Ryukyu subjugation

Ryukyu yet have the portrait of the king.

Lead

Ryukyu Islands, also known as the Ryukyu Okinawa (Ryukyu Okinawa), extending about 1,100 km (700 miles) to the northeast of Taiwan, the East China Sea (West) and the Philippine Sea (East), the dividing line to the southwest from the island of Kyushu in southern Japan. The total land area of 3,090 square kilometers (1,193 square miles), including 55 small islands divided into three large island groups: the northern Amami island chain, the central islands of Okinawa, southern Island in the first. Ryukyu because of its special geographical location as a transit point for Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia Trade, trade development, known as the "nations Shinryo". 12th century, Ryukyu Islands Shannan, Zhongshan North Hill three, respectively, in southern, central and northern Ryukyu Islands.

The Ming Wang Zhaofan is a period

1372, the Ming Dynasty Dynasty emperor Zhao Yu Wang Zhongshan police released. North Hill, Zhongshan, Shannan three Xiangming government tributary. The Ryukyu become a vassal of the Ming Dynasty.

In 1392, the emperor ordered from Fujian, China, 36 Family moved to Ryukyu good Shipbuilding and Navigation.

1416, Zhongshan Wang Chamba Chi conquer Kitayama.

In 1429, the Zhongshan Wang Chamba Chi to conquer the mountain, form a unified Ryukyu Kingdom (the first Shang's dynasty). According to the the vassal relationship the Ryukyu Ming dynasty, each generation Ryukyu King need canonized from the Ming dynasty.

In 1470, the first Shang dynasty's demise, still round (still yen) to create a second still allies, and accept from the Ming dynasty canonized.

1400 -1550, the golden age of the Ryukyu Kingdom, a highly developed business with China, Korea, Southeast Asia and Japan trade.

-16 Century, 15th century, a large number of pirates pirate harassment Ryukyu Islands.

1609 (Wanli 30 2007), Japan's Tokugawa Ieyasu inherited Toyotomi Hideyoshi's foreign policy of expansion, led 3,000 soldiers invaded Okinawa, captured the king of the Ryukyu camp near the Ryukyu Kingdom Kagoshima Satsuma clan Shimadzu home nine.

The Qing Wang Zhaofan is a period

In 1654, Ryukyu emissary minister to request canonized. Tai Feng Liu, Qing Wang Chaoshun rule number one is still the king of quality, Ryukyu become a vassal of the Qing Dynasty.

In May 1853, the fleet of the U.S. Navy Commodore Perry (Matthew C. Perry) arrived in the Ryukyu Islands.

In March 1854, Perry and Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa. Perry asked Japan to open Naha Port, the Japanese side of the Ryukyu Ryukyu distant countries, Japan has no right to determine its ports open.

July 11, 1854, Perry and Japan after the conclusion of the negotiations, back to the Ryukyu Ryukyu government negotiations, and finally signed a treaty was opened Naha Port in both the English text.

In 1866, the last one the Ryukyu country Wang Shangtai, following bit.

In 1872, Japan announced the "inner fan" Ryukyu Kingdom Japan, Ryukyu Islands are Japanese territory, does not recognize China Ryukyu suzerainty since 1372, the official occupation of the Ryukyu. And delays in negotiations with China the Ryukyu problem.

July 24, 1875, Japan forced the Ryukyu king to stop tribute to the Qing dynasty.

March 30, 1879, Japan will be the last one the Ryukyu country Wang Shangtai, exile to Tokyo, set the Ryukyu Okinawa Prefecture. Ryukyu demise.

After the Ryukyu Kingdom era

In 1879, the Sino-Japanese Ryukyu start negotiations, China put forward the Ryukyu Islands is divided into three parts: close to the direction of Japan's Amami large Island for the Japanese territory, the island of Ryukyu and its nearby islands as the presence of an independent Ryukyu Kingdom, and the first in the southern Island Islands as Chinese territory. Japan proposed to Ryukyu divided into two parts: the island of Ryukyu the Northern islands as Japanese territory, south of the first Islands as Chinese territory (not involved in the negotiations Diaoyutai Islands vesting).

September 1880, the Chinese side in the negotiations last compromise, signed the "Ryukyu professionals about the Draft Ryukyu, Japan is divided into two parts. Qing emperor, however, refused to agree to this unequal treaties, and instructs the representatives of China and Japan to continue consultations. Japan and then leave, rupture of the negotiation.

With the Qing government to resume negotiations Ryukyu Consul Takezoe Shinichiro in Tianjin in 1882, but no agreement has been reached. Ryukyu issue dragged on until the Sino-Japanese War.

1894 -1895 years, the Sino-Japanese War, China ceded as a defeated nation of Taiwan, Penghu, even less say in the Ryukyu Islands. From the Ryukyu Islands belong to a country and the fact that China's vassal began to be forgotten.

In 1898, Japan forced the Okinawans military service.

In 1901, the last one the Ryukyu country Wang Shangtai, died.

In 1916, Okinawa teachers requested by the General Assembly the Okinawan teachers with the the insult means of punishment said the the Ryukyu language of students in the school.

In 1945, the late World War II, the United States to attack the island of Ryukyu, Japanese soldiers forced Okinawans committed suicide jumping, or simply be killed in order to reduce the pressure of the lack of food in the cave, or say Ryukyu language is considered to be a spy tragic killed. War Ryukyu population reduced by a quarter.

From 1945 to 1972, during the American occupation, alienation imposed by the United States in the Ryukyu policy. The People's Republic of China for the attitude of the U.S. occupation of Okinawa is that the islands belong to the illegal occupation of the territory of Japan.

In April 1947, adopted by the United Nations before the appointment of the island was ruled by the Agreement, the Ryukyu Islands south of 29 degrees north latitude and originally part of the Diaoyutai Islands to the United States hosted.

In 1951, the United States and Japan signed the United States, Japan and the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the case without the participation of the representative of China, the Ryukyu Islands, together with the Diaoyutai Islands "administrative rights" transferred to Japan. But this was the owner of the land Okinawans rallied against the "poly cry downtown.

Since May 15, 1972, Japan restore the rule of the Ryukyu Islands, continue to implement the policy of assimilation. Ryukyu Islands and still is the most economically backward areas in Japan's 47 local self-government entities.

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